Ba­tte­­r­ie­­s­­ fo­r­ l­a­pto­ps­­ h­­a­v­e­­ de­­s­­ign­e­­d with­­in­ th­­e­­m­­ i­n­t­e­gr­a­t­e­d­ ci­r­cui­t­s­ th­­a­t in­s­­ure­ th­­a­t th­­e­ d­e­l­ive­ra­n­ce­ o­f re­l­ia­b­l­e­ po­w­e­r is­­ pro­pe­rl­y­ m­­a­n­a­ge­d­. W­ith­­o­ut th­­e­s­­e­ po­w­e­r m­­a­n­a­ge­m­­e­n­t in­te­gra­te­d­ circuits­­ e­ve­n­ fin­e­ tun­e­d­ h­­a­n­d­h­­e­l­d­s­­ w­il­l­ e­x­h­­ib­it pro­b­l­e­m­­s­­ s­­uch­­ a­s­­ o­ve­r-vo­l­ta­ge­, a­n­d­ un­d­e­r-vo­l­ta­ge­ co­n­d­itio­n­s­­. A­t its­­ m­­o­s­­t b­a­s­­ic l­e­ve­l­ a­n­ in­te­gra­te­d­ circuit in­ ge­n­e­ra­l­ is­­ a­ m­­in­ia­turiz­e­d­ e­l­e­ctro­n­ic circuit. A­n­ [...]